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[email protected]WhatsApp : +91 91063 65667Open Access Journal|Peer-Reviewed|Multidisciplinary|Research for a Better Tomorrow.ISSN 2984-8911ESTD 2023
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Journal Publisher Guide · Journey & Wisdom

How to Get Turnitin and iThenticate Plagiarism Tools for Your Journal: 2026 Guide

Every serious journal screens manuscripts for overlap before peer review. This guide explains the real routes to Turnitin and iThenticate access, what Crossref Similarity Check costs and requires, and how editors should read a similarity report and set a fair policy.

TypeComplete Guide Reading time21 min Updated16 Oct 2026 ByJMVRA Editorial Team
20%of the Crossref membership fee is the Similarity Check annual fee
100documents checked free each year under Similarity Check
90%of registered articles need full-text URLs for Similarity Check
Noneuniversal safe similarity percentage exists

Why Every Journal Needs a Turnitin or iThenticate Plagiarism Checker

If you edit or own a journal, knowing how to get Turnitin or iThenticate for your editorial office is one of the first practical problems you face. Authors expect it, indexing services look for a written plagiarism policy, and reviewers should not spend hours on a paper that copies half its introduction. The difficulty is that neither product can simply be bought off a shelf by a new journal. Turnitin sells mainly to schools and universities, while iThenticate, its sister product for research and publishing, reaches most journals through organisational contracts or through Crossref's Similarity Check service.

This guide shows each realistic route, what it costs where the price is officially published, what documents and technical steps are involved, and how to turn a similarity report into a fair editorial decision. It is written for new journal owners in India and abroad, for university presses and societies, and for authors who want to understand what an editor will see when their manuscript is screened.

2sister products from one vendor: Turnitin for teaching, iThenticate for research
3main routes for journals: Crossref, direct licence, or a checking service
1report per manuscript that an editor must still read and judge
0tools that can prove plagiarism on their own

One idea runs through the whole guide: software measures similarity, not misconduct. A report tells an editor where words in a manuscript match words elsewhere. Deciding whether that match is proper quotation, standard methods wording, the author's own preprint or genuine copying is still a human job, and your policy should say so.

A similarity score is evidence to be read, not a verdict to be obeyed. The best journals pair a good tool with a written policy and a trained editor.

Turnitin vs iThenticate: Which One Does a Journal Need?

Turnitin and iThenticate come from the same company and share a matching engine, but they are designed for different jobs. Turnitin's classroom products are built around assignments, grading and feedback for students. iThenticate is built for researchers, editors and publishers who check manuscripts, grant proposals and theses before they become public. Turnitin's own help centre also states that documents checked in iThenticate are not compared against the Turnitin student-paper repository, and the reverse is also true, which matters if you assumed one licence covers both.

Turnitin and iThenticate compared for journal use
PointTurnitin (classroom products)iThenticate
Main usersSchools, colleges, universities, instructors and studentsPublishers, journal editors, research offices, funders, individual researchers
How it is boughtThrough an academic institution only; no individual licencesOrganisational accounts, or through Crossref Similarity Check for Crossref members
Compares againstWeb content, published works and a student-paper repositoryWeb content and a large published-content database contributed by publishers
Stores your files?Instructor chooses whether papers join the repositoryManuscripts are not added to a shared student repository; organisations may keep a private repository
Best fit for a journalRarely; useful only if your host university already owns itYes, this is the intended product for editorial screening
In short: a journal needs iThenticate. If someone offers you "Turnitin for your journal", ask exactly which product, which account type and whose licence the checks will run under.

Where newer features fit

iThenticate 2.0 is the current generation of the product. It brought a redesigned similarity report, better handling of preprints and quoted material, and an AI-writing detection indicator that account administrators can switch on or off. Crossref announced in late 2023 that the AI-writing preview would reach Similarity Check users on iThenticate v2. Feature availability can differ by contract, so confirm what your account includes before you write it into your policy.

Four Realistic Ways to Get iThenticate or Turnitin Access

Most journals use one of four routes. They differ in cost, paperwork and who holds the account.

1

Crossref Similarity Check

For Crossref members actively registering DOIs. Discounted iThenticate access with unlimited user accounts, a low annual fee and per-document charges after the first 100 documents. Requires full-text URLs in your metadata.

2

Direct iThenticate licence

An organisational contract negotiated with Turnitin's sales team. Suits large publishers, societies and universities that run several journals or want a private repository and integrations.

3

Your host institution's licence

If the journal belongs to a university that already licenses iThenticate, the library or research office may add the editorial team as users. Check that journal use is allowed under the licence terms.

4

A checking service

A provider runs the check for you and returns the report. Useful before a journal is a Crossref member, or for authors who want a report before submission.

A note for Indian universities

Indian higher education institutions often use the INFLIBNET ShodhShuddhi programme. Since October 2023 that programme has provided DrillBit, not Turnitin, and INFLIBNET's revised guidelines of June 2025 restrict its use to PhD theses, thesis chapters, synopses and research articles by faculty and research users. It is not a licence a stand-alone journal can apply for, and university journal teams should check whether their institution's allocation permits editorial use.

Crossref Similarity Check: Eligibility, Fees and Setup

For most small and mid-sized journals, Crossref Similarity Check is the most affordable route to iThenticate. It is a member service: Crossref arranges discounted iThenticate access, and members contribute their own published full text to the comparison database so everyone's checks become more complete.

Who is eligible

  • You must be a Crossref member that is actively publishing content with registered DOIs.
  • You must include Similarity Check full-text URLs in the metadata for at least 90% of your registered articles, across all of your journal prefixes, and keep adding them to future deposits.
  • Each URL must point straight to a full-text PDF, HTML or plain-text file, not to the article landing page. Text inside frames or built by JavaScript cannot be indexed.
  • If content sits behind a login, your host must allow Turnitin's crawler (user agent TurnitinBot/ContentIngest) to fetch it.

What it costs (official Crossref fees)

Crossref Similarity Check fees as published on crossref.org/fees (US dollars)
FeeAmount
Annual service fee20% of your annual Crossref membership fee, billed with the January renewal; prorated in the first year
Example, lowest membership tierMembership US$200, so Similarity Check annual fee US$40
Documents 1–100 per yearFree
Documents 101–2,000US$0.75 each
Documents 2,001–25,000US$0.65 each
Documents 25,001–50,000US$0.55 each
Larger volumesUS$0.45, then US$0.30, then US$0.25 per document at the highest tiers

Per-document prices apply to documents of up to 25,000 words. Crossref revises fees from time to time, so always confirm on the official Crossref fees page and the Similarity Check service page before budgeting.

The Crossref Similarity Check cycle Four stages in a loop: the journal deposits DOIs with full-text URLs, Turnitin indexes the full text, the journal checks new manuscripts in iThenticate, and editors act on the report before publishing and depositing again. 1. Deposit DOIs + full-text URLs 2. Index Turnitin crawls your full text 3. Check New manuscripts in iThenticate 4. Decide Editor reads the report Published papers feed the database so every member's checks improve
Similarity Check works as a cycle: members both use the database and contribute to it.

Sponsored members

Many small journals join Crossref through a sponsor rather than directly. Under Crossref's sponsor rules, a sponsor that offers Similarity Check pays the annual and per-document fees for its members and may pass them on. Not every sponsor offers it, and Similarity Check is not covered by Crossref's GEM fee-waiver programme. Ask your sponsor in writing whether Similarity Check is available, who holds the iThenticate account, and how per-document charges are billed.

Buying a Direct or Institutional iThenticate Licence

If you run several journals, publish at volume, or want features such as a private repository or a submission-system integration, a direct iThenticate contract may suit you better. Turnitin does not publish list prices for organisational licences; contracts are quoted by its sales team based on expected document volume, number of users and options.

  1. Estimate volumeCount expected submissions per year and how many revisions you re-check
  2. Request a quoteUse the publisher enquiry form on turnitin.com or your regional office
  3. Compare optionsUsers, document caps, private repository, API, AI indicator
  4. Sign and set upName an administrator and configure folders and settings
  5. IntegrateConnect to your submission system if supported

Questions to ask before you sign

  • Is the price per document, per word band, per user or a flat annual fee, and what happens if you exceed the cap?
  • Are revised versions of the same manuscript billed as new documents?
  • Is the AI-writing indicator included, optional or charged separately?
  • Can you keep a private repository of your own submissions to catch duplicate submissions to your journal?
  • Which submission systems have a ready integration, and is API access included?
  • Where is data stored, how long are files kept, and how can you delete them?
  • What training and support are available for editors?
Watch out: sharing one personal or institutional login across unrelated journals, or reselling checks run on a university account, usually breaks the licence terms. If a licence is not in your organisation's name, get written permission for journal use.

Setting Up iThenticate in Your Editorial Office

Whichever route you choose, the account needs a careful first setup. A poor configuration produces noisy reports that waste editors' time.

Roles and folders

Name one account administrator, normally the managing editor. Create user accounts for each handling editor rather than sharing a password; Similarity Check members can add unlimited users. Organise folders by journal and by year, or by manuscript ID range, so reports can be found later during an appeal or a post-publication query.

Report settings worth deciding once

Common iThenticate settings and a sensible starting choice
SettingWhat it doesStarting choice
Exclude bibliographyIgnores matches in the reference listOn, but review references separately if you suspect copied citation lists
Exclude quotesIgnores text inside quotation marksOn, then spot-check that long "quotes" are really attributed
Exclude small matchesHides matches below a word countA small threshold, such as a handful of words, to cut noise
Exclude preprintsSeparates preprint matches from published sourcesKeep visible; check whether the preprint is the author's own
AI-writing indicatorShows a statistical estimate of AI-generated proseDecide by policy; treat as advisory only

Write these choices into an internal checklist so every editor runs reports the same way. Consistency matters when an author compares their report with another editor's decision.

Connect it to your workflow

The check belongs at desk screening, before any reviewer is invited, and again on the final accepted version if the text changed substantially. A journal management system that records when the check ran, the score and the editor's note makes later questions easy to answer.

How to Read a Similarity Report Like an Experienced Editor

The overall similarity index is the share of words in the manuscript that match one or more sources. Crossref's documentation describes it as matching words divided by total words. That single number hides most of what matters. An editor reading a report should work through it in a set order.

  1. Step 1: Overall index

    Note the number, but do not decide on it. A long literature review with many quotations can score high honestly.

  2. Step 2: Largest single source

    One source contributing a big share is more worrying than many sources contributing a little each.

  3. Step 3: Location of matches

    Matches in methods or standard definitions are common; matches in results, discussion or conclusions are not.

  4. Step 4: Nature of the source

    Is it the author's own thesis, preprint, conference paper or earlier article, or someone else's work?

  5. Step 5: Attribution

    Is the matched text quoted and cited, cited but not quoted, or neither?

  6. Step 6: Hidden patterns

    Look for paraphrase-tool wording, odd synonyms, and copied figures or tables the text match cannot see.

Illustrative example, not real data: a manuscript scoring 24% where only 3% is a real concern. Yet that 3% could be a copied paragraph from a single uncited paper, which is more serious than a clean 30% made up of quotations and references. This is why experienced editors say a higher score can sometimes be less problematic than a lower one.

Tip: keep the report's source list open next to the manuscript and read the highlighted passages in context. Two minutes of reading prevents most wrong decisions.

Acceptable Similarity Percentage: An Editorial Policy, Not a Fixed Rule

Authors constantly ask what percentage is "allowed". There is no universal answer. No publisher body, indexing service or international standard sets a single acceptable number for journal articles, and Crossref itself advises journals not to set a score above which manuscripts are rejected automatically. Disciplines differ: a legal or historical paper may quote sources at length, while a short experimental note has little reason to overlap.

What the UGC 2018 regulations do and do not say

Indian readers often cite the UGC (Promotion of Academic Integrity and Prevention of Plagiarism in Higher Educational Institutions) Regulations, 2018. They define bands: up to 10% similarity (Level 0) attracts no penalty, with higher levels above 10%, 40% and 60% carrying increasing consequences. Those regulations govern academic work and staff in higher education institutions, including theses and publications by faculty. They are not a rule for how a journal must screen papers, and a score under 10% does not prove a paper is original.

How to write a fair threshold policy

Do

  • State that every manuscript is checked and the report is read by an editor.
  • Use score ranges only as triggers for closer review, not for automatic decisions.
  • Explain which matches are excluded (quotations, references, short phrases).
  • Say what happens next: revise, explain, reject or investigate.
  • Apply the same settings to every manuscript.

Avoid

  • Promising authors that any score below a number guarantees acceptance.
  • Rejecting automatically above a number without reading the report.
  • Asking authors to "reduce the percentage" with paraphrasing tools.
  • Ignoring a single copied paragraph because the overall score is low.
  • Publishing a score as a quality badge on the article.

A workable pattern many journals use is a three-zone triage: a low zone where the editor confirms nothing serious is hidden, a middle zone where the editor reads all major matches and may ask the author for revision or explanation, and a high zone that triggers a detailed review. The boundaries are an editorial choice for your discipline and should be described as guidance.

Common Overlap Cases and How Editors Handle Them

Typical similarity findings and a proportionate response
FindingUsually meansProportionate response
Matches in methods to the author's earlier paperText recycling of standard proceduresOften acceptable if the earlier work is cited; ask for citation if missing
Large match to the author's own preprintThe same paper posted earlierNormally fine; confirm authorship and record it
Large match to the author's thesisArticle derived from a dissertationAcceptable under most policies if disclosed; ask for a note
Large match to someone else's preprintPossible copying of unpublished workInvestigate before review continues
Uncited paragraphs from another authorPlagiarismFollow your misconduct procedure and COPE guidance
Near-identical article already published elsewhereDuplicate or redundant publicationStop processing and contact the author and the other journal
Strange synonyms, low score, awkward proseParaphrasing tool used to disguise copyingRead against the likely source; treat as a serious concern
Matches in a translated paperText tools rarely catch translation plagiarismAsk reviewers who read both languages to flag it

The Committee on Publication Ethics publishes flowcharts for suspected plagiarism in submitted and in published manuscripts, and guidance on text recycling. They are freely available on the COPE guidance pages and are the standard reference most journals cite in their policies.

AI-Writing Detection in iThenticate: Useful Signal, Weak Proof

Since late 2023, iThenticate 2.0 accounts can show an AI-writing indicator next to the similarity report. It estimates how much of the prose matches patterns typical of large language models. It is a different measurement from similarity: a paper can have zero similarity and a high AI estimate, or the reverse.

Caveats your policy should state

  • Turnitin's own guidance says false positives are more frequent at low percentages, and its reports display an asterisk instead of a number for scores below 20%.
  • The vendor's published accuracy figures come from its internal testing, not independent peer-reviewed evaluation.
  • Writing by non-native English speakers, heavily edited text and formulaic sections can be flagged without any AI involvement.
  • The indicator cannot show which tool was used or whether use was permitted, for example for language polishing that your policy allows.
Fair practice: never reject a manuscript on the AI indicator alone. Use it to start a conversation: ask the author to describe any AI assistance, check the references for invented citations, and judge the content on its scientific merit.

A clear AI-use policy helps more than any detector. Require authors to disclose AI tools used for writing or analysis, forbid listing AI as an author, and make authors responsible for every statement and reference. Reviewers should also be told not to upload confidential manuscripts into public AI tools.

Writing Your Journal's Plagiarism Policy and Screening Workflow

Your website should carry a short, public plagiarism policy, and your editors need a more detailed internal procedure. Indexing services, institutions and authors read the public version; editors follow the internal one.

Elements of a public plagiarism policy

  • Which tool the journal uses and at what stage manuscripts are checked.
  • That reports are interpreted by editors and no fixed percentage decides acceptance.
  • Definitions of plagiarism, self-plagiarism or text recycling, duplicate publication and image manipulation.
  • How authors should reuse their own earlier text and when to cite it.
  • What happens when a problem is found before and after publication: revision, rejection, correction, expression of concern or retraction.
  • A reference to COPE guidance and the journal's appeal route.
  • The journal's position on AI-generated text and disclosure.

A practical screening timeline

  1. Day 0–2

    Submission received; editorial assistant checks completeness and runs the similarity check.

  2. Day 2–5

    Handling editor reads the report with the manuscript and records a short note.

  3. Day 5–7

    Decision: send to review, return for revision of overlapping text, or reject with reasons.

  4. After revision

    Re-check if large sections changed; compare with the first report.

  5. Before publication

    Final check on the accepted version if required by policy; archive the report.

These day ranges are a typical pattern, not a standard; set your own and publish them so authors know what to expect.

Mistakes Journals Make with Plagiarism Tools

1

Using a free web checker

Free tools compare against the open web only and miss most subscription and publisher content. They are no substitute for iThenticate.

2

Treating the score as the decision

Auto-rejecting above a number punishes honest review articles and lets disguised copying through.

3

Advertising a "0% plagiarism" promise

Such promises push authors towards paraphrasing tools, which harms readability and integrity.

4

Forgetting full-text URLs

Crossref members who skip full-text URLs in deposits cannot qualify for Similarity Check and keep their own papers out of the database.

5

Not keeping records

When a reader raises a concern years later, the original report and the editor's note are your best evidence.

6

Checking only the text

Figures, tables and data can be duplicated without any text match. Train reviewers to look.

How JMVRA and Journey & Wisdom Support Similarity Checking

JMVRA, the Journal of Modern and Versatile Research Approach (online ISSN 2984-8911), screens manuscripts for similarity as part of its editorial process and follows the approach in this guide: reports are read by editors rather than applied as a fixed cut-off. Authors preparing a paper for JMVRA, TIJER or JNRID can check their own draft first.

  • JWSCAN checks a manuscript for similarity before submission using iThenticate (by Turnitin) similarity detection, and returns an overall similarity index plus a source-by-source report. Authors and journal teams can use it via the JMVRA plagiarism check page.
  • JWDOI registers Crossref DOIs and deposits article metadata, and gives journals a sponsored DOI prefix without joining Crossref directly. Accurate deposits are the foundation for Crossref services, including Similarity Check eligibility.
  • JWJMS provides an online submission portal, desk screening, reviewer invitations and a full record of each step, so the similarity check and the editor's note sit in the manuscript history.

For questions about Similarity Check through a sponsor, or anything beyond these listed capabilities, contact the team to discuss your requirement at [email protected] or on WhatsApp at +91 91063 65667.

Conclusion: Getting the Right Plagiarism Checker for Your Journal

Getting Turnitin or iThenticate for a journal is less about finding a download and more about choosing the right access route. For most small journals that route is Crossref Similarity Check, which needs Crossref membership and full-text URLs in your deposits and costs a modest annual fee plus per-document charges after the first 100. Larger publishers negotiate a direct iThenticate licence, and authors can use a pre-submission service.

The tool is only half the job. Publish a clear plagiarism policy, train editors to read reports in context, treat AI indicators as advisory, and keep records. That combination protects authors, readers and the journal's reputation far better than any single percentage.

How Journey & Wisdom Helps

JMVRA is published within the Journey & Wisdom group, which runs four shared services — similarity checking, journal management, DOI registration and conference management — and thirteen publication platforms. These are the ones that matter most for this guide. For anything not listed here, email [email protected] or message WhatsApp +91 91063 65667 to discuss your requirement.

JWSCAN logo

JWSCAN

Plagiarism & similarity check

Checks a manuscript for similarity before submission with iThenticate (by Turnitin) and returns an overall similarity index with a source-by-source report editors can act on.

jwscan.org
JWDOI logo

JWDOI

Crossref DOI registration

Registers Crossref DOIs and deposits article metadata, and gives journals a sponsored DOI prefix without joining Crossref directly — for journals, books, chapters and proceedings.

jwdoi.org
JWJMS logo

JWJMS

Journal management system

Runs the editorial workflow: online submission portal, author dashboard, desk screening, reviewer invitations and reminders, revision rounds, decisions, issue building and publication scheduling — with a full record of every step.

jwjms.org

See every Journey & Wisdom product and platform · JW ecosystem map

How to get Turnitin or iThenticate for a journal: step by step

  1. Decide who will hold the account

    Choose between Crossref Similarity Check, a direct iThenticate licence, your host institution's licence or a checking service.

  2. Secure Crossref membership if you choose Similarity Check

    Join directly or through a sponsor and start registering DOIs for your published articles.

  3. Add full-text URLs to your deposits

    Include Similarity Check URLs pointing to full-text PDF or HTML files for at least 90% of registered articles.

  4. Allow Turnitin's crawler

    If any content is behind a login, ask your host to allow the TurnitinBot/ContentIngest user agent and IP ranges.

  5. Apply for the service or request a quote

    Apply for Similarity Check through Crossref, or contact Turnitin sales for an organisational iThenticate licence.

  6. Configure the account

    Name an administrator, create individual editor logins, set folders and agree exclusion settings.

  7. Write your plagiarism and AI-use policy

    Explain the tool, the stage of checking, editorial judgement, consequences and COPE guidance.

  8. Build the check into desk screening

    Run the report before inviting reviewers and record the editor's note in the manuscript file.

  9. Train editors to read reports

    Look at the largest source, location and attribution, not just the overall percentage.

  10. Re-check and archive

    Re-run the check on substantially revised versions and keep reports for later queries.

Frequently Asked Questions

How can a journal get iThenticate?

Most journals get iThenticate through Crossref Similarity Check, which is open to Crossref members actively registering DOIs who include full-text URLs in their metadata. Larger publishers and universities can buy an organisational licence directly from Turnitin. Journals not yet eligible can use a checking service that runs iThenticate reports on their behalf.

What is the difference between Turnitin and iThenticate?

Both come from the same company and share a matching engine. Turnitin's classroom products serve schools and universities for student work and are sold only to institutions. iThenticate is designed for researchers, editors and publishers checking manuscripts before publication, and it does not compare against the Turnitin student-paper repository.

Can an individual buy Turnitin?

No. Turnitin's classroom products are available only through an academic institution, and individual accounts are not sold. Researchers who want a report on their own manuscript usually use iThenticate through their institution or a pre-submission checking service such as JWSCAN.

How much does Crossref Similarity Check cost?

According to Crossref's published fees, the annual Similarity Check fee is 20% of your Crossref membership fee, so US$40 for a member in the US$200 tier. The first 100 documents each year are free, then US$0.75 per document up to 2,000, with lower rates at higher volumes. Confirm current fees on crossref.org.

Who is eligible for Crossref Similarity Check?

Crossref members that are actively publishing DOI-registered content and that include Similarity Check full-text URLs for at least 90% of their registered articles. The URLs must lead directly to full text that Turnitin's crawler can reach. Sponsored members should ask their sponsor whether it offers the service.

What is an acceptable similarity percentage for a journal article?

There is no universal acceptable percentage. Each journal sets its own guidance, and Crossref advises against automatic rejection above a fixed score. Editors judge the report by the largest single source, where the matches sit and whether text is attributed. A low score can hide a copied paragraph, and a higher score can be honest.

Does a 10% similarity score mean my paper is plagiarism-free?

No. The 10% figure comes from India's UGC 2018 regulations for higher education institutions, where up to 10% attracts no penalty. It is not a journal rule and not proof of originality. A single uncited paragraph from one source could be under 10% overall and still be plagiarism.

Should references and quotations be excluded from the report?

Most editors exclude the bibliography and quoted text to reduce noise, then spot-check that long quotations are really attributed. Whatever settings you choose, write them into an internal checklist and apply them to every manuscript so that authors are treated consistently.

Is iThenticate's AI writing detection reliable?

It is a statistical estimate, not proof. Turnitin notes that false positives are more common at low percentages and shows an asterisk instead of a score below 20%. Use the indicator only to start a conversation with the author, alongside a clear AI-disclosure policy, and never as the sole reason for rejection.

How do I check my paper for plagiarism before submitting to a journal?

Use a service that runs a recognised engine and gives a source-by-source report. JWSCAN checks a manuscript before submission using iThenticate (by Turnitin) similarity detection and returns an overall similarity index plus the matching sources, so you can fix citation gaps before an editor sees them.

Is self-plagiarism allowed in journal articles?

Reusing your own published text without citation is generally treated as text recycling and may be a problem, especially in results and conclusions. Limited reuse of standard methods wording is often accepted when the earlier work is cited. Follow the journal's policy and COPE's text recycling guidance, and disclose any thesis or preprint.

Can a university's Turnitin licence be used for its journal?

Only if the licence allows it. Classroom Turnitin products are designed for teaching, and journal screening normally needs iThenticate. Ask your library or research office whether an iThenticate licence exists and whether editorial use for the journal is permitted under the contract.

Is ShodhShuddhi the same as Turnitin?

No. INFLIBNET's ShodhShuddhi programme for Indian higher education institutions has provided DrillBit since October 2023, after the earlier Ouriginal contract ended. Its revised 2025 guidelines restrict use to PhD theses, thesis chapters, synopses and research articles by faculty and research users.

What should a journal do if plagiarism is found after publication?

Follow the COPE flowchart for suspected plagiarism in a published article: gather evidence, contact the author, involve the institution if needed, and decide on a correction, an expression of concern or a retraction depending on the extent. Record every step and publish a clear notice linked to the original article.

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